- Austausch & Vernetzung
- Wissen & Lernen
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Von Giorgio Bianchi, Marie Gilbrin und Susanne Amsler
In line with the WHO definition of health, SDC adopts a comprehensive approach to health and aims to address the physical as well as the mental and social dimensions of health. It is in this spirit that SDC’s psychosocial programme in the Great Lakes region has been developed in order to tackle Sexual and Gender Based Violence.
Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV) occurs across the world in various forms. There is, however, the risk that the number of such cases will increase in post-conflict contexts, which may become a collective problem with serious consequences for community life. It is precisely in situations such as these that approaches which focus on the individual only address part of the problem. In the Great Lakes region programme, the SDC has therefore decided to adopt a comprehensive psychosocial approach. In addition to emergency medical and psychological care, there is a strong focus on involving the community in treating individual and collective traumas. The community’s dealing with the issue should have a preventive effect and reduce the number of cases of Sexual and Gender Based Violence.
The word ”psycho“ refers to a person’s soul, to his or her inner world and is reflected in feelings, thoughts or desires. On the other hand, “social” makes allusion to an individual’s relationship and environment with the outer world. Consequently, the “psychosocial” approach deals with the well-being of individuals in relation to their social environment. By using a psychosocial approach, the programme focuses on different levels. Firstly, it concentrates on individuals but at the same time also on couples, families and communities, compared with for instance an approach that only focuses on medical care for survivors of SBGV. Furthermore, the programme aims to change social norms, particularly with regard to the status of women in society as well as the stigmatisation, victimisation and social exclusion of SGBV survivors. Moreover, the programme applies this comprehensive and multisectoral approach to address the various consequences of SGBV (sexual, physical, emotional, economic) by offering different types of services (e.g. medical, psychological, legal).
The Great Lakes Region, Rwanda, Burundi and the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were an area of particularly violent intra- and inter-state conflict during the 1990s which inflicted great suffering on the population and weakened the states concerned. In the DRC, SGBV was used a systematic and efficient weapon of war: collective, carried out in front of husbands, neighbours and children who were forced to watch, with devastating effects not only on the survivors' physical and mental health but also on the social structure of their communities. The war has been over in the east of the DRC for almost ten years but rebel groups continue to be rife, particularly in the province of North Kivu. SGBV has become widespread and tragically commonplace. It is used by almost all armed groups but also by military and civilian groups often carrying HIV/AIDS. The SDC estimates that the number of survivors of SGBV in the east DRC is almost 5,000 per year. The question of impunity concerning SGBV coupled with the authorities' inability to identify, find and pursue the culprits has got to a point where even children are no longer shielded from these acts. But the rebels and the soldiers are not the only ones to commit SGBV in the region. In the DRC and neighbouring Burundi and Rwanda, women are exposed to all kinds of violence, especially within the family, in a context of strong deterioration of the social fabric and the normalisation of SGBV. In addition to physical and mental violence, there is also the issue of social exclusion, the number of raped women driven out by their husbands or rejected by their communities, often forcing them into highly precarious social and economic circumstances.
Testimonial by a nurse at a welcome centre in South Kivu, DRC, supported by the SDC
"Before we didn't know what do with people with mental illnesses. They wandered around everywhere, their families considered them to be under a spell. Some of them called witchdoctors into their homes but their problems didn't go away. Since the awareness sessions, people have understood that these survivors can fall ill without any physical symptoms, this is the mental suffering which follows this state of confusion. Gradually, families trust us and bring along their brothers and sisters to the centre. Here we treat the cases that we can and send the difficult cases to a specialised centre. After staying there for a few days, sometimes a few weeks, they return a lot calmer and not angry. We then monitor their health and I also make home visits. This is how families learn to take care of them, remind them to take their medicine, recognise the signs of relapses, accompany them to the field. They are no longer marginalised because their behaviour is better. The only problem is that they can't cope when armed conflicts start again, there are many who suffer relapses in these cases."
The SDC has been present in the Great Lakes Region since the 1960s. Over three decades, it has implemented development cooperation programmes in Rwanda and Burundi. From the 1990s onwards, the focus has been on humanitarian aid and peace policy. Considerable humanitarian aid has been provided from 1993 onwards to the benefit of refugees and displaced people, particularly in east DRC. In October 2002, the DRC was alarmed by a case of mass rape, carried out on more than 2,000 women in the town of Uvira, located in South Kivu on the border with Burundi. The SDC decided to support a local NGO with CHF 50,000 so it could provide medical care for 500 survivors. This was followed by other one-off funding in 2003 for survivors of SGBV in the provinces of Maniema and North Kivu. The magnitude of this SGBV, the seriousness of the medical, psychological and social consequences revealed to the SDC following these initial interventions drove it to launch in 2004 a more substantial programme of around CHF 300,000 per year, also involving Burundi and including not only medical care for survivors of SGBV with HIV/AIDS tests but also individual support for their mental and economic rehabilitation and legal aid.
In 2009, the primarily humanitarian programme was gradually transformed into a development programme with a strategy that assured greater sustainability of interventions. This was firstly characterised by the granting of far greater financial sums of around CHF 3 million per year and by the implementation of both a multisectoral and community-based approach. The implementation was assured by local organisations that were close to the communities and the local realities. Since 2010, the SDC's support for SGBV survivors has translated into a programme of integrated support (medical, legal and reintegration), accompanied by a community-based, psychosocial approach which includes families and neighbours in the trauma and recovery management process. This approach enables SGBV to be treated at its root source. It serves to launch social processes which enable a reaction to the destruction of the social fabric and to support community-based, mutual assistance.
Results
Over the years, some positive changes and results have been observed at different levels:
Lessons Learned
Over the years, the programme has adapted to the changing contexts and reacted to experiences and evidence. Generally, two major changes introduced in 2009 have significantly contributed to obtaining results: the move away from providing support to individuals in isolation and towards a clear and strong focus on communities, as well as the programme’s increased financial volume. Furthermore, the following lessons can be shared:
The psychosocial approach is certainly challenging and complex, often difficult to “touch” and measure. However, over the years, this approach has shown some encouraging changes and has been confirmed as a way to go if root causes and consequences of SGBV are to be addressed. In the coming years, the psychosocial programme in the Great Lakes region will be pursued in its current form but efforts will be made to increasingly use experience to change policies at national and regional level.
